9D

The laws for logarithms

Logs and exponentials as inverse functions, the three log laws, and the particular values log_a 1, log_a a and log_a (1/x).

Inverse functions

The three log laws

Log laws
$$\log_a xy = \log_a x + \log_a y$$ $$\log_a \frac{x}{y} = \log_a x - \log_a y$$ $$\log_a x^n = n\log_a x$$
Example 1●

Evaluate $\log_6 4 + \log_6 9$ and $\log_2 48 - \log_2 3$.

$\log_6 (4 \times 9) = \log_6 36 = 2$
$\log_2 \dfrac{48}{3} = \log_2 16 = 4$
Example 2●●

Given $\log_a 2 = p$ and $\log_a 3 = q$, write $\log_a 12$ and $\log_a \tfrac{9}{2}$ in terms of $p$ and $q$.

$\log_a 12 = \log_a (2^2 \times 3) = 2p + q$
$\log_a \tfrac92 = \log_a 3^2 - \log_a 2 = 2q - p$
Example 3●●

Simplify $2\log_{10} 5 + \log_{10} 4$.

$\log_{10} 25 + \log_{10} 4 = \log_{10} 100 = 2$
Power law first, then the product law.
Flashcards
$log_a xy$
$\log_a x + \log_a y$
$log_a rac{x}{y}$
$\log_a x - \log_a y$
$log_a x^n$
$n\log_a x$
$a^{log_a x}$
$x$
$log_a rac1x$
$-\log_a x$
Practice
  1. Evaluate $\log_6 4 + \log_6 9$.

  2. Evaluate $\log_2 48 - \log_2 3$.

  3. Evaluate $\log_2 8^5$.

  4. $\log_a \dfrac1x$ equals:

  5. If $\log_a 2 = p$ and $\log_a 3 = q$, then $\log_a 12$ is:

  6. Evaluate $5^{\log_5 7}$.

  7. $\dfrac{\log_a 8}{\log_a 2}$ equals:

  8. Which statement is false?

  9. Evaluate $\log_{10} 25 + \log_{10} 4$.

More questions

New numbers every time. Keep going until you get five in a row.

Formula sheet