Coaching Centre
Chapter 2: Functioning Organisms Notes
How flowering plants take in water, make food, grow and reproduce; how the human digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, skeletal and muscular systems keep every cell supplied; cell division for growth, repair and reproduction; and how science and technology improve human health.
Sections
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2A How plants take in water Mastered
The root and shoot systems of flowering plants, plant cells, osmosis and root hairs, xylem and phloem, the transpiration stream, stomata, and what speeds up or slows down transpiration.
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2B Photosynthesis and respiration Mastered
The word and symbol equations for photosynthesis and respiration, how a leaf is built to photosynthesise, how a plant gets carbon dioxide, light and water, limiting factors, and what happens to the glucose a plant makes.
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2C Plant growth, repair and cloning Mastered
Mitosis, where plants grow (meristems and the zones of a root tip), growth rings, how plants respond to light and gravity, repair and galls, vegetative reproduction and how people clone plants by cuttings, grafting and tissue culture.
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2D Flowers and sexual reproduction Mastered
Why sexual reproduction matters, meiosis and gametes, the parts of a flower, self- and cross-pollination, how flowers attract particular pollinators, fertilisation, fruits and seed dispersal.
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2E The digestive system Mastered
How the digestive system breaks food into nutrients: mechanical and chemical digestion, teeth, enzymes, the organs of the digestive tract in order, how villi absorb nutrients, and what the large intestine and gut bacteria do.
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2F The circulatory system Mastered
Blood and its four components, the structure of the heart and its valves, the double circulation through lungs and body, arteries, veins and capillaries, heart rate, and how a heart dissection is done.
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2G The respiratory system Mastered
The path air takes into the lungs, how alveoli are built for gas exchange, how the diaphragm and rib muscles make you breathe, the difference between breathing and respiration, and what goes wrong in asthma and smoking-related disease.
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2H The excretory system Mastered
What waste the body makes and which organs remove it: how the liver turns ammonia into urea, how the kidneys filter blood and control water balance, the urinary system, and the roles of the lungs and skin.
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2I The skeletal and muscular systems Mastered
What the skeleton does, what bone is made of, types of joints and how a synovial joint is built, the three types of muscle, how antagonistic muscle pairs move bones as levers, and arthritis and other problems.
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2J Growth, repair and human reproduction Mastered
How mitosis lets the body grow and repair itself, stem cells and red blood cell production, meiosis and gametes, the female and male reproductive systems, puberty and the menstrual cycle, fertilisation, pregnancy and birth, and why children differ from their parents.
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2K Science solving health problems Mastered
How germ theory was discovered and tested, from Pasteur's swan-neck flasks and Koch's anthrax experiments to vaccines, pasteurisation, hygiene, sewage treatment and the fight against potato blight, plus how vaccines protect whole communities through herd immunity.
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2L Medical technology and treating disease Mastered
How technology and biotechnology improve health: prosthetics, IVF and ultrasound, genetically modified bacteria that make insulin, and the different options for treating kidney failure, heart disease and diabetes, with the ethical questions they raise.
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2M Functioning organisms review Mastered
A summary of the whole Functioning Organisms chapter, key words, and a mixed test covering plant systems, photosynthesis, plant reproduction, the human body systems, cell division, reproduction, germ theory and medical technology.