Chapter 3: Cells Notes

Sections

1. 3A Discovering cells Mastered

   How lenses revealed a hidden world: Robert Hooke and cork cells, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's animalcules, the cell theory, unicellular and multicellular organisms, and why the electron microscope changed biology again.

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2. 3B Using a light microscope Mastered

   Parts of a compound light microscope and what each does, calculating total magnification, preparing wet mounts and stained slides, focusing safely from low to high power, and drawing what you see as a scientific specimen drawing.

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3. 3C Inside the cell Mastered

   The organelles of plant and animal cells and their jobs: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts and cell wall. Comparing plant, animal and bacterial cells, and prokaryotes versus eukaryotes.

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4. 3D Cell size and specialised cells Mastered

   Micrometres, the sizes of cells and the things inside them, using the field of view to estimate cell size, why cells are small, and how specialised cells such as nerve, red blood, sperm, muscle, root hair, guard and palisade cells are built for their jobs. Stem cells.

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5. 3E Cellular respiration Mastered

   How cells release energy from glucose in their mitochondria, the word equation for respiration, the difference between respiration and breathing, how activity changes the rate of respiration, testing for carbon dioxide with limewater, and respiration without oxygen.

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6. 3F Cell division and cancer Mastered

   Why cells divide, how DNA is copied and shared out in mitosis to make two identical cells, binary fission in bacteria, how growth and repair are controlled, apoptosis, and how cancer starts when that control fails. Benign and malignant tumours.

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7. 3G From cells to systems Mastered

   Levels of organisation in multicellular organisms: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms. The four main animal tissue types, the major human body systems and how they work together, and the same levels in plants.

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8. 3H Skin: an organ at work Mastered

   The skin as the largest organ of the integumentary system: the epidermis, dermis and fat layer, what skin does, how it responds to heat, cold, UV light and injury, melanin and skin cancer, and how Australian scientists grow new skin.

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9. 3I Cells review Mastered

   A summary of the whole Cells chapter, key words, and a mixed test covering microscopes, cell structure, cell size, specialised cells, respiration, mitosis, levels of organisation and the skin.

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