Coaching Centre
Chapter 7: Organic Chemistry Notes
HSC Chemistry Module 7: naming organic compounds to C8, isomers and molecular shape, functional groups and how intermolecular forces decide their properties, reactions of hydrocarbons and alcohols, enthalpy of combustion, fermentation and biofuels, esters, soaps and detergents, reaction pathways, and addition and condensation polymers.
Sections
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7A Naming hydrocarbons Mastered
Why carbon forms so many compounds, homologous series, and the IUPAC rules for naming alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and halogenated hydrocarbons up to C8, including methyl and ethyl branches, with worked examples.
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7B Isomers, formulae and shape Mastered
Molecular, structural, condensed and skeletal formulae; chain, position and functional group isomers and how to tell an isomer from the same molecule drawn differently; and the tetrahedral, trigonal planar and linear shapes around single, double and triple bonded carbon.
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7C Functional group compounds Mastered
The functional groups in the HSC course and how to name compounds that contain them: primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines and amides, with a priority order for choosing the suffix and worked naming examples.
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7D Intermolecular forces and properties Mastered
How dispersion forces, dipole–dipole forces and hydrogen bonds explain the boiling points, melting points and solubility of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines and amides, within a series and between series of similar molar mass, with a practical investigation.
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7E Reactions of hydrocarbons Mastered
Addition reactions of alkenes and alkynes with hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water, substitution reactions of alkanes with halogens in UV light, and the bromine water test that tells saturated from unsaturated hydrocarbons, with equations and conditions.
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7F Hydrocarbons: safety and society Mastered
How to handle and dispose of organic chemicals safely (flash point, toxicity, safety data sheets, the hierarchy of controls and waste streams), how crude oil is refined and cracked, and the environmental, economic and sociocultural implications of obtaining and using hydrocarbons, with Australian examples.
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7G Combustion of alcohols Mastered
Complete and incomplete combustion of alcohols, the enthalpy of combustion and why it rises by about 650 kJ/mol per CH₂, and the practical investigation that measures it with a spirit burner and calorimeter, including calculations, errors, validity and reliability.
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7H Reactions and production of alcohols Mastered
Dehydration, substitution with hydrogen halides and oxidation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols with acidified dichromate and permanganate; making alcohols by hydration, substitution of haloalkanes and fermentation; and comparing fossil fuels with biofuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel and biogas.
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7I Organic acids, bases and esters Mastered
Carboxylic acids as weak organic acids and amines as weak organic bases, how to tell them apart, and esterification: naming esters, making them under reflux in the school lab, increasing the yield, and purifying the product.
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7J Soaps and detergents Mastered
How soap is made by saponification of fats, the structure of soap and detergent molecules, how surfactants lower surface tension and form micelles to lift grease, why soap fails in hard and acidic water, and anionic, cationic and non-ionic detergents and their uses and environmental effects.
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7K Reaction pathways Mastered
All the Module 7 reactions on one map, how to plan a multi-step synthesis by working backwards from the target, how to draw a reaction flow chart with reagents and conditions, and why yield, atom economy, cost and safety decide which route industry uses.
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7L Addition polymers Mastered
How alkene monomers join into long chains by free-radical addition polymerisation, why LDPE and HDPE behave differently, and the structures, properties and uses of PVC, polystyrene and PTFE.
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7M Condensation polymers Mastered
How monomers with two functional groups join by losing water to make polyesters and polyamides, the structures and uses of PET, nylon 6,6, nylon 6 and PLA, natural condensation polymers, and how to compare addition and condensation polymers.
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7N Organic chemistry review Mastered
A summary of all of Module 7 Organic Chemistry, how the topics connect, key words, and a mixed HSC-style test covering naming, isomers, properties, hydrocarbon and alcohol reactions, enthalpy of combustion, esters, soaps and detergents, reaction pathways and polymers.