Coaching Centre
Chapter 4: Using Chemistry Notes
How chemists put reactions to work: energy changes calculated from bond energies, fuels and combustion compared with respiration, electrochemical cells and electrolysis, rates of reaction and collision theory, catalysts in industry, designing polymers, fibres and composites, and green chemistry and chemistry careers.
Sections
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4A Energy and chemical bonds Mastered
Why reactions release or absorb energy: breaking bonds takes energy in and making bonds gives energy out, calculating enthalpy change (ΔH) from bond energies, reading energy profiles, making fire by friction, measuring the energy of neutralisation, thermal decomposition of limestone, and how heating changes yellow ochre into red.
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4B Fuels and combustion Mastered
Comparing fuels by energy per kilogram, energy per litre and carbon dioxide per megajoule, complete and incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide, soot, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, combustion and respiration as the same reaction at very different rates, and fuels for a low-carbon future.
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4C Electrochemical cells Mastered
Oxidation and reduction as loss and gain of electrons, metal extraction as reduction, building galvanic cells from two metals and a salt bridge, predicting cell voltage, electrolysis and electroplating, smelting aluminium, and how lithium-ion batteries work and are recycled.
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4D Rates of reaction Mastered
How to measure the rate of a reaction and read rate graphs, collision theory and activation energy, how concentration, pressure, temperature, surface area, stirring and catalysts change the rate, and why rates matter for food, industry, dust explosions and bushfires.
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4E Catalysts in industry Mastered
How catalysts work on surfaces, catalytic converters in cars, the Haber process for ammonia and the compromise between yield, rate and cost, enzymes as industrial catalysts, and how chlorine from CFCs catalysed the destruction of the ozone layer.
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4F Designing new materials Mastered
Addition and condensation polymerisation, how chain structure (linear, branched, cross-linked) controls a polymer's properties, making synthetic fibres such as nylon, polyester and Kevlar, composite materials, First Nations spinifex resin, nanomaterials, and weighing the social and environmental impacts of new materials.
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4G Green chemistry and careers Mastered
The principles of green chemistry, calculating atom economy, greener routes to medicines, hydrogen and steel, the chemistry and policy of plastic recycling in NSW, using household chemicals safely, and careers that use chemistry.
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4H Using chemistry review Mastered
A summary of the whole Using Chemistry chapter, key words, and a mixed test covering bond energies and ΔH, fuels and combustion, electrochemical cells, rates of reaction, catalysts in industry, polymers and composites, and green chemistry.