Chapter 5: Equilibrium and Acid Reactions Notes

Sections

1. 5A Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium Mastered

   Reversible and irreversible reactions, open, closed and isolated systems, static versus dynamic equilibrium, how concentrations and rates change as equilibrium is reached, modelling equilibrium, and non-equilibrium systems such as combustion and photosynthesis.

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2. 5B Enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy Mastered

   The two drivers of chemical change: enthalpy and entropy. Predicting the sign of ΔS, calculating Gibbs free energy with ΔG = ΔH − TΔS, the temperature at which a reaction becomes spontaneous, and why reactions in closed systems stop at equilibrium.

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3. 5C Le Chatelier's principle Mastered

   Predicting how an equilibrium responds to changes in concentration, pressure and volume, temperature and catalysts, reading concentration–time graphs, the cobalt chloride, iron(III) thiocyanate and nitrogen dioxide practicals, and industrial and biological examples.

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4. 5D Collision theory and equilibrium Mastered

   Explaining Le Chatelier's principle with collision theory: forward and reverse rates after changes in concentration and pressure, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, activation energies of the forward and reverse reactions, why temperature shifts equilibria, and why catalysts don't.

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5. 5E The equilibrium constant Mastered

   Writing equilibrium expressions for homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, what the size of K tells you, the reaction quotient Q and predicting the direction of change, manipulating K when equations are reversed or multiplied, and how temperature changes K.

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6. 5F Calculating K and equilibrium concentrations Mastered

   Using ICE tables to calculate K from experimental data and to find equilibrium concentrations from K, including perfect-square and quadratic problems and the small-x approximation, plus the colorimetry investigation that measures K for the iron(III) thiocyanate equilibrium.

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7. 5G Dissolving ionic compounds Mastered

   How water dissolves ionic solids, dissociation equations, the dynamic equilibrium in a saturated solution, the enthalpy and entropy changes of dissolving, solubility curves and the solubility rules.

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8. 5H Removing toxins from food Mastered

   How Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples have used solubility and equilibrium to make cycad seeds and other toxic plant foods safe to eat: leaching in running water, increasing surface area, ageing, and the chemistry of the water-soluble toxins involved.

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9. 5I The solubility product, Ksp Mastered

   Writing Ksp expressions, converting between solubility and Ksp, predicting whether a precipitate forms by comparing Q with Ksp, net ionic equations, the common ion effect, and the investigation of solubility rules.

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10. 5J Equilibrium and acid reactions review Mastered

    A summary of the whole Equilibrium and Acid Reactions module, key words and formulas, and a mixed HSC-style test covering dynamic equilibrium, ΔG, Le Chatelier's principle, collision theory, K and Q, ICE calculations, dissolving, cycad processing and Ksp.

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